Study 2b was a subsample of Study 2a breast cancer survivors (n = 22) and noncancer controls (n = 21) who completed a standardized neuropsychological test assessing concentration. Study 2a was a sample of breast cancer survivors (n = 185) and noncancer controls (n = 93) who reported their concentration and memory problems. Study 1 was a sample of breast cancer survivors (n = 200) who reported their concentration and memory problems. The relationship between loneliness and cognitive function was tested among three samples of breast cancer survivors. The current studies included both subjective and objective cognitive measures and tested whether lonelier breast cancer survivors would have more concentration and memory complaints and experience more concentration difficulties than their less lonely counterparts. Loneliness may be one psychosocial risk factor. Although chemotherapy enhances risk for cognitive problems, it is likely only one piece of a complex puzzle that explains survivors' cognitive functioning. Cancer survivors often experience cognitive difficulties after treatment completion.
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